At Two Oclock Pm We Were Again Ordered

"AM and PM" redirects hither. For other uses, come across AM PM.

Time counting arrangement

The 12-60 minutes clock is a time convention in which the 24 hours of the twenty-four hour period are divided into two periods: a.chiliad. (from Latin ante meridiem , translating to "before midday") and p.m. (from Latin post meridiem , translating to "after midday").^{[1] [2]} Each menstruum consists of 12 hours numbered: 12 (acting equally 0),^[3] 1, two, iii, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11.

The daily cycle starts at 12 midnight, runs through 12 noon, and continues until only before midnight at the end of the day. In that location is no widely accepted convention for how midday and midnight should exist represented. The 12-60 minutes clock was developed from the second millennium BC and reached its modern form in the 16th century Advertizing.

The 12-hr time convention is common in several English language-speaking nations and sometime British colonies, also as a few other countries.

Clock arrangement

12-hour	24-hr
Midnight (kickoff of day) 12 midnight 12:00 a.thou.[a]	00:00
12:01 a.m.	00:01
1:00 a.yard.	01:00
11:00 a.m.	11:00
11:59 a.one thousand.	11:59
Apex 12 noon 12:00 p.thousand.[a]	12:00
12:01 p.m.	12:01
1:00 p.one thousand.	xiii:00
xi:00 p.m.	23:00
xi:59 p.m.	23:59
Midnight (end of day) or shown every bit start of next day [a]	24:00
^ a b c Come across: §Defoliation at noon and midnight

History and use [edit]

The natural day-and-night division of a calendar day forms the fundamental ground as to why each twenty-four hour period is carve up into two cycles. Originally in that location were two cycles: one cycle which could be tracked by the position of the Sun (solar day), followed by 1 cycle which could exist tracked past the Moon and stars (night). This eventually evolved into the ii 12-hr periods which are used today, one chosen "a.m." starting at midnight and another chosen "p.g." starting at noon. Noon itself is rarely abbreviated today; but if it is, it is denoted "g."^[i]

The 12-hour clock can be traced back as far as Mesopotamia and aboriginal Egypt.^[4] Both an Egyptian sundial for daytime use^[v] and an Egyptian h2o clock for night-time use were plant in the tomb of Pharaoh Amenhotep I.^[6] Dating to c. 1500 BC, these clocks divided their respective times of use into 12 hours each.

The Romans besides used a 12-hour clock: daylight was divided into 12 equal hours (thus hours having varying length throughout the year) and the dark was divided into four watches.

The first mechanical clocks in the 14th century, if they had dials at all, showed all 24 hours using the 24-hour analog dial, influenced by astronomers' familiarity with the astrolabe and sundial and by their desire to model the Globe's apparent motion around the Sun. In Northern Europe these dials generally used the 12-hr numbering scheme in Roman numerals but showed both a.chiliad. and p.k. periods in sequence. This is known as the double-XII system and can be seen on many surviving clock faces, such equally those at Wells and Exeter.

Elsewhere in Europe, numbering was more likely to be based on the 24-hr system (I to XXIV). The 12-hour clock was used throughout the British empire.

During the 15th and 16th centuries, the 12-hour analog punch and time organisation gradually became established equally standard throughout Northern Europe for full general public employ. The 24-hour analog dial was reserved for more than specialized applications, such as astronomical clocks and chronometers.

Most analog clocks and watches today use the 12-hr dial, on which the shorter hr mitt rotates once every 12 hours and twice in one day. Some analog clock dials accept an inner ring of numbers along with the standard i-to-12 numbered band. The number 12 is paired either with a 00 or a 24, while the numbers 1 through 11 are paired with the numbers 13 through 23, respectively. This modification allows the clock to also be read in 24-hour note. This kind of 12-hour clock tin be constitute in countries where the 24-hr clock is preferred.

Use past country [edit]

In several countries the 12-hour clock is the dominant written and spoken organisation of time, predominantly in nations that were role of the old British Empire, for example, the U.k., Republic of Ireland, the Usa, Canada (excluding Quebec), Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Bharat, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Malaysia, and Republic of malta, and others follow this convention as well, such as Egypt, Mexico, Nepal, Lebanon and the former American colony of the Philippines. In well-nigh countries, nonetheless, the 24-hour clock is the standard organisation used, peculiarly in writing. Some nations in Europe and Latin America utilize a combination of the two, preferring the 12-hr system in colloquial speech but using the 24-hour system in written form and in formal contexts.

The 12-hour clock in spoken communication ofttimes uses phrases such as ... in the morning, ... in the afternoon, ... in the evening, and ...at night. Rider'southward British Merlin almanac for 1795 and a like annual for 1773 published in London used them.^[7] Other than in English-speaking countries and some Spanish-speaking countries, the terms a.m. and p.m. are seldom used and often unknown.

Estimator support [edit]

In nigh countries, computers by default show the fourth dimension in 24-hour notation. About operating systems, including Microsoft Windows and Unix-similar systems such as Linux and macOS, activate the 12-hour note by default for a limited number of language and region settings. This behaviour can exist changed by the user, such as with the Windows operating system's "Region and Language" settings.^[8]

Abbreviations [edit]

Typical digital 12-hour alert clock indicating p.1000. with a dot to the left of the 60 minutes

The Latin abbreviations a.one thousand. and p.g. (frequently written "am" and "pm", "AM" and "PM", or "A.M." and "P.M.") are used in English and Spanish.^[9] The equivalents in Greek are π.μ. and μ.μ. , respectively, and in Sinhala පෙ.ව. ( pe.va. ) for පෙරවරු ( peravaru , පෙර pera – fore, pre) and ප.ව. ( pa.va. ) for පස්වරු ( pasvaru , පස්සේ passē – after, postal service). Withal, noon is rarely abbreviated in any of these languages, noon normally beingness written in full. In Portuguese, at that place are ii official options and many others used, for example, using 21:45, 21h45 or 21h45min (official ones) or 21:45 or nine:45 p.m. In Irish, a.m. and i.due north. are used, standing for ar maidin ("in the morn") and iarnóin ("afternoon") respectively.

Most other languages lack formal abbreviations for "before noon" and "after apex", and their users use the 12-60 minutes clock only orally and informally.^{[ commendation needed ]} Nonetheless, in many languages, such as Russian and Hebrew, informal designations are used, such as "nine in the morning" or "three in the night".

When abbreviations and phrases are omitted, 1 may rely on judgement context and societal norms to reduce ambiguity. For instance, if i commutes to work at "9:00", nine:00 a.m. may exist unsaid, but if a social trip the light fantastic is scheduled to begin at "9:00", it may begin at 9:00 p.m.

[edit]

Typography [edit]

The terms "a.1000." and "p.m." are abbreviations of the Latin ante meridiem (earlier midday) and post meridiem (later on midday). Depending on the mode guide referenced, the abbreviations "a.chiliad." and "p.thou." are variously written in minor capitals ("am" and "pm"),^{[ citation needed ]} uppercase letters without a menstruum ("AM" and "PM"), uppercase letters with periods, or lowercase letters ("am" and "pm" or,^[10] "a.m." and "p.m.").^{[ citation needed ]} With the advent of computer generated and printed schedules, particularly airlines, the "M" character is oftentimes omitted as providing no additional information as in "nine:30A" or "10:00P".^{[ citation needed ]}

Some style guides suggest the use of a space betwixt the number and the a.thousand. or p.m. abridgement.^{[ citation needed ]} Way guides recommend non using a.m. and p.thousand. without a time preceding it.^[11]

The hour/minute separator varies between countries: some use a colon, others utilize a period (full stop),^[x] and notwithstanding others use the letter h.^{[ citation needed ]} (In some usages, particularly "armed services time", of the 24-hour clock, there is no separator between hours and minutes.^[12] This style is not mostly seen when the 12-hr clock is used.)

Encoding [edit]

Unicode specifies codepoints for "a.m." and "p.g." symbols, which are intended to be used only with Chinese-Japanese-Korean (CJK) character sets, every bit they take up exactly the same infinite as one CJK character:

• U+33C2 ㏂ SQUARE AM
• U+33D8 ㏘ Foursquare PM

Informal speech and rounding off [edit]

In speaking, information technology is mutual to round the time to the nearest five minutes and/or limited the time as the past (or to) the closest hr; for instance, "5 past five" (five:05). Minutes past the hour ways those minutes are added to the hour; "x by five" means 5:x. Minutes to, 'til and of the hr mean those minutes are subtracted; "10 of five", "x 'til five", and "ten to five" all mean 4:50.

Fifteen minutes is often called a quarter 60 minutes, and thirty minutes is often known as a half hour. For example, 5:fifteen can be phrased "(a) quarter past v" or "5-fifteen"; 5:xxx can be "half past v", "five-thirty" or just "half five". The fourth dimension 8:45 may exist spoken as "eight xl-five" or "(a) quarter to nine".^[13]

In older English, it was common for the number 25 to be expressed every bit "five-and-twenty".^[14] In this style the time 8:35 may be phrased equally "five-and-twenty to 9",^[15] although this styling fell out of fashion in the later part of the 1900s and is now rarely used.^[16]

Instead of significant 5:30, the "half five" expression is sometimes used to mean 4:30, or "half-way to 5", especially for regions such as the American Midwest and other areas that have been particularly influenced by German civilization. This meaning follows the design choices of many Germanic and Slavic languages, including Serbo-Croatian, Dutch, Danish, Russian and Swedish, as well as Hungarian and Finnish.

Moreover, in situations where the relevant hr is obvious or has been recently mentioned, a speaker might omit the hour and just say "quarter to (the 60 minutes)", "half past" or "10 'til" to avert an elaborate sentence in informal conversations. These forms are oft commonly used in television and radio broadcasts that cover multiple fourth dimension zones at one-hr intervals.^[17]

In describing a vague time of day, a speaker might say the phrase "vii-thirty, eight" to hateful former around 7:30 or 8:00. Such phrasing tin can be misinterpreted for a specific time of day (here 7:38), especially past a listener not expecting an estimation. The phrase "about 7-thirty or 8" clarifies this.

Some more than cryptic phrasing might be avoided. Within five minutes of the hour, the phrase "five of seven" (6:55) can exist heard "five-oh-7" (v:07). "Five to 7" or even "six fifty-five" clarifies this.

Formal speech communication and times to the minute [edit]

"O'clock" redirects here. For the o'clock watch, see O handbag.

Minutes may be expressed equally an verbal number of minutes past the hour specifying the time of day (e.chiliad., 6:32 p.m. is "six thirty-two"). Additionally, when expressing the time using the "past (after)" or "to (before)" formula, it is conventional to choose the number of minutes below 30 (due east.g., 6:32 p.m. is conventionally "xx-eight minutes to vii" rather than "thirty-2 minutes past six").

In spoken English language, full hours are oft represented by the numbered 60 minutes followed by o'clock (10:00 as ten o'clock, 2:00 as two o'clock). This may be followed by the "a.thou." or "p.grand." designator, though some phrases such as in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, or at nighttime more commonly follow analog-style terms such equally o'clock, half by three, and quarter to four. O'clock itself may be omitted, telling a time as 4 a.m. or four p.thou. Minutes ":01" to ":09" are usually pronounced equally oh ane to oh ix (nought or cipher can also be used instead of oh). Minutes ":10" to ":59" are pronounced as their usual number-words. For example, 6:02 a.k. can exist pronounced 6 oh two a.chiliad. whereas vi:32 a.m. could exist told as six thirty-two a.yard.

Defoliation at noon and midnight [edit]

Fourth dimension according to diverse conventions

Device or mode	Midnight Start of twenty-four hours	Noon	Midnight Cease of 24-hour interval
Written 24-60 minutes fourth dimension	00:00	12:00	24:00
Digital watches	12:00 AM	12:00 PM
U.S. Government Publishing Office (1953)[18]	midnight[a]	apex 12 o'clock noon 12 m.	midnight 12:00 p.m.
U.S. Authorities Publishing Role (2000)[19]	midnight[a]	12 a.m. noon	12 p.m. midnight[a]
U.S. Government Publishing Office (2008)[20]	12 a.m. 12 midnight[a]	12 p.one thousand. 12 noon	12 midnight[a]
Japanese legal convention[21]	0:00 a.one thousand.	12:00 a.m.	12:00 p.k.
Japanese mutual usage[22]	0:00 a.yard.	0:00 p.thou.	12:00 p.m.
Chicago Manual of Style[23]		apex 12:00 thousand.
Canadian Printing,[24] UK standard[25]	Midnight	Noon	Midnight
Associated Press mode[26]	—	noon	midnight
NIST[2]	midnight[b] 12:01 a.m.	apex	midnight[b] 11:59 p.m.
^ a b c d east These styles are ambiguous with respect to whether midnight is at the start or stop of each mean solar day. ^ a b NIST recommends using eleven:59 p.m. and 12:01 a.m. to disambiguate when needed.

It is not ever clear what times "12:00 a.yard." and "12:00 p.m." denote. From the Latin words meridies (midday), ante (before) and mail (after), the term dues meridiem (a.thousand.) means before midday and post meridiem (p.m.) ways after midday. Since "noon" (midday, meridies (g.)) is neither before nor later on itself, the terms a.m. and p.yard. practice not apply.^[two] Although "12 thousand." was suggested equally a way to indicate noon, this is seldom done^[23] and as well does non resolve the question of how to indicate midnight.

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language states "By convention, 12 AM denotes midnight and 12 PM denotes noon. Because of the potential for confusion, information technology is advisable to utilize 12 noon and 12 midnight."^[27]

Eastward. One thousand. Richards in his book Mapping Fourth dimension provided a diagram in which 12 a.m. ways noon and 12 p.1000. means midnight.^[28]

The manner manual of the United States Regime Press Office used 12 a.m. for noon and 12 p.m. for midnight until its 2008 edition, when information technology reversed these designations^{[xix] [xx]} and and then retained that modify in its 2016 revision.^[29]

Many U.S. style guides, and NIST's "Often asked questions (FAQ)" web folio,^[2] recommend that it is clearest if one refers to "noon" or "12:00 noon" and "midnight" or "12:00 midnight" (rather than to "12:00 p.thousand." and "12:00 a.m."). The NIST website states that "12 a.g. and 12 p.m. are ambiguous and should not be used."

The Associated Press Stylebook specifies that midnight "is part of the 24-hour interval that is ending, not the one that is first."^[26]

The Canadian Press Stylebook ^[24] says, "write noon or midnight, not 12 noon or 12 midnight." Phrases such as "12 a.m." and "12 p.m." are non mentioned at all. Britain's National Physical Laboratory "FAQ-Time" spider web page^[25] states "In cases where the context cannot exist relied upon to place a particular event, the pair of days straddling midnight can be quoted"; also "the terms 12 a.g. and 12 p.m. should be avoided."

Likewise, some U.S. fashion guides recommend either clarifying "midnight" with other context clues, such as specifying the 2 dates between which information technology falls, or not referring to the term at all. For an case of the latter method, "midnight" is replaced with "11:59 p.yard." for the end of a day or "12:01 a.thousand." for the start of a 24-hour interval. That has become mutual in the U.s. in legal contracts and for plane, bus, or train schedules, though some schedules use other conventions. Occasionally, when trains run at regular intervals, the pattern may be broken at midnight past displacing the midnight difference one or more minutes, such as to 11:59 p.grand. or 12:01 a.m.^[30]

In Japanese usage, midnight is written as 午前0時 (0:00 a.m.) and noon is written as 午後0時 (0:00 p.m.), making the hours numbered sequentially from 0 to 11 in both halves of the day.

In literature [edit]

• In the George Orwell novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, Winston Smith describes a twelve-60 minutes clock every bit "old-fashioned".^[31]

Meet likewise [edit]

• 24-hour clock
• Clock position
• Date and fourth dimension representation by country
• Decimal time
• Italian six-hour clock
• Midnight
• Muhurta
• Noon
• Pahar
• Thai six-hour clock

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} "Time". The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28. 1986. pp. 660 2a.
   "Time". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition . Retrieved xx Nov 2013. The use of AM or PM to designate either noon or midnight can cause ambivalence. (subscription required) For different opinions on representation of midday and midnight, see #Confusion at noon and midnight
2. ^ ^{a b c d} "Times of Day FAQs". National Institute of Standards and Applied science. 21 September 2016. Archived from the original on 21 September 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2018.
3. ^ Susan Addington (25 August 2016). "Modular Arithmetics". Archived from the original on 4 July 2008. Retrieved 28 November 2008.
4. ^ "The History of Clocks". 13 October 2008. Archived from the original on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 12 Nov 2017.
5. ^ "Berlin instruments of the old Eg.time of day destination". members.aon.at. Archived from the original on 15 Nov 2006. Retrieved xiii June 2006.
6. ^ A Walk through Time - Water Clocks Archived 31 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine
7. ^ National Library of Australia catalogue entry Archived 22 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine for Rider's British merlin: for the year of Our Lord God 1795
8. ^ Lawrence Abrams (13 December 2012). "How to customize how the fourth dimension is displayed in Windows". Bleeping Computer. Archived from the original on 29 Oct 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
9. ^ Diccionario panhispánico de dudas, HORA Archived 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish)
10. ^ ^{a b} Economist Style Guide (twelfth ed.). The Economist. 2018. p. 185. ISBN9781781258316.
11. ^ Hacker, Diana, A Writer's Reference, 6 edition, Bedford, St Martin's, Boston, 2007, department M4-c, p.308.
12. ^ The Natural language and Quill (PDF). The states Air Force. 27 May 2015. p. 356. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2021. Air Force Handbook 33-337.
13. ^ American Heritage Dictionary, 3rd ed. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1992). s.five. usage note at stop of "quarter" entry.
14. ^ Dickens, Charles (1855). Little Dorrit. p. Chapter 27.
15. ^ Trudgill, Peter. "Number five-and-twenty: A fading linguistic practice". The New European . Retrieved 13 January 2021.
16. ^ Swan, Michael. "Enquire About English". BBC Globe Service. BBC. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
17. ^ "TVTimes magazine 21-27 May 1983 part1". TVTimes. 21–27 May 1983. Archived from the original on 18 Oct 2012. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
18. ^ "Usa Government Press Office Style Manual" (PDF). govinfo. U.Southward. Authorities Publishing Office. January 1953. pp. 152, 267. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 September 2019. Retrieved five September 2019.
19. ^ ^{a b} "U.S. Government Printing Role Style Manual" (PDF). govinfo. U.S. Regime Publishing Office. 2000. page 156. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 September 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
20. ^ ^{a b} "U.S. Government Printing Office Manner Manual" (PDF). govinfo. U.S. Government Publishing Part. 2008. p. 271. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved five September 2019.
21. ^ 午前１２時？ 午後０時？ [12 AM? or 0 PM?]. National Found of Data and Communications Technology (in Japanese). xv February 1989. Archived from the original on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
22. ^ 質問4-1）正午は午前12時？それとも、午後12時？ [Question iv-1) Is noon 12 a.m.? Or 12 p.m.?]. National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (in Japanese). Retrieved xix January 2022.
23. ^ ^{a b} Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.). Academy of Chicago Press. 2017. paragraph 9.38. ISBN978-0-226-28705-8. Although noon tin exist expressed as 12:00 m. (m = meridies), very few utilize that class.
24. ^ ^{a b} The Canadian Printing Stylebook (11th ed.). 1999. page 288.
25. ^ ^{a b} "National Concrete Laboratory, FAQ-Time". Archived from the original on 3 March 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
26. ^ ^{a b} Paula Froke, Anna Joe Bratton, Oskar Garcia, Jeff McMillan & Jerry Schwart, Eds., 54th ed., The Associated Printing Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law, New York: Basic Books, June 2019, ISBN 978-1-5416-9989-two, s.v. noon, midnight, times.
27. ^ AM Archived nine January 2014 at the Wayback Machine at the American Heritage Lexicon of the English language, Fifth Edition (2011)
28. ^ Richards, E. Grand., Mapping Fourth dimension: the Calendar and its History (Oxford Academy Press, 1999), 289.
29. ^ "GPO Style Transmission. 2016. p.236". govinfo.gov. 12 January 2017. Archived from the original on 17 March 2018. Retrieved sixteen March 2018.
30. ^ Interim train timetables Archived 26 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Abellio Greater Anglia, London, 17 May 2015, pages vii and 8.
31. ^ Orwell, George (22 February 2016). "Part ii, Chapter 4". Nineteen Fourscore-iv. Southward Australia: eBooks@Adelaide. p. 157. Retrieved 23 June 2021.

External links [edit]

• NIST FAQ on fourth dimension
• 12am is noon in Nippon

faulksnank1974.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-hour_clock

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